Also indexed as: Acesulfame K, Alitame, Artificial Sweeteners,Ascesulfame Potassium, Aspartame,
Cyclamate, Equal, NutraSweet, Saccharin, Sucralose, Sunette,Sweet ‘N Low
Today, saccharin, aspartame, sucralose, and acesulfame K are themost widely used artificial sweeteners.
Non-nutritive sweeteners, also called artificial or non-caloricsweeteners, are intensely sweet synthetic substances, often used inplace of other sugars in food manufacturing and cooking because theyare calorie-free. The United States Food and Drug Administration(FDA) has approved four non-nutritive sweeteners for use in food:acesulfame K, aspartame, saccharin, and, sucralose.
VarietiesAcesulfame K
Acesulfame K (Sunette), or acesulfame potassium, was discovered in1967 in Germany. It was
approved in 1988 by the FDA as a tabletop sweetener and for use inbaked goods, frozen desserts,
beverages, and candies. Consisting of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen,hydrogen, sulfur, and potassium
atoms, acesulfame K is 200 times sweeter than table sugar.Acesulfame K is not digested, so it
contributes no calories to the diet. Some animal studies suggest apossible cancer-promoting
effect.
Aspartame
Aspartame (NutraSweet) was discovered in 1969, and in 1981 wasapproved by the FDA for use in
foods. Aspartame is produced from two amino acidsaspartic acid andphenylalanineand is 180
times sweeter than sucrose. Although the FDA points to more than 100scientific experiments that
purportedly document the safety of aspartame, many consumers andscientists are not convinced
that long-term daily intake of aspartame is completely safe, and areconcerned about the growing
number of foods that contain this ingredient. Aspartame intake isknown to be dangerous for
persons with phenylketonuria, a metabolic disorder that results indangerously high blood levels
of phenylalanine. In addition, aspartame is not recommended for useby pregnant or lactating
women.
Saccharin
Saccharin (Sweet’N Low) was discovered in 1879, and is currentlyproduced from a purified
compound found in coal tar. Saccharin is 300 times sweeter thansugar, but has a slightly bitter
or metallic aftertaste. It is not metabolized in the digestive tractand is excreted rapidly in
the urine. As a result, saccharin does not contribute calories tothe diet. Three scientific
experiments in the early 1970s suggested that saccharin might be acarcinogen (cancer-causing
substance) when given to rats in large doses. In response, the FDAproposed a ban on saccharin
for all uses except as an over-the-counter drug. Significant publicopposition to the FDA ban on
saccharin ensued, prompting the FDA to pass the Saccharin Study andLabeling Act in 1977, which
placed a two-year moratorium on any ban of the sweetener untilfurther research was available.
The law also required that any foods containing saccharin must carrya label that reads, “Use of
this product may be hazardous to your health. This product containssaccharin which has been
determined to cause cancer in laboratory animals.” Most long-termanimal studies have found no
cancer-causing effects from saccharin consumption. On December 15,2000, Congress passed
legislation to remove the warning label that had been required onsaccharin-sweetened foods and
beverages since 1977. The National Toxicology Program has removedsaccharin from its list of
cancer-causing substances.
Sucralose
Sucralose was discovered in 1976, and has been used as a sweetenerin foods and beverages in
more than 30 countries, including Canada, Australia, and Mexico. In1998, the FDA approved it as
a tabletop sweetener and for use in baked goods, beverages, gelatin,and frozen dairy desserts.
In 1999, FDA expanded the approved uses for sucralose, allowing itas a general-purpose
sweetener for all foods. Sucralose is derived from sucrose (tablesugar); it closely resembles
table sugar in taste, is highly water-soluble, and is exceptionallystable at high temperatures.
Sucralose is not absorbed from the digestive tract, so it adds nocalories to consumed food. In
addition, sucralose does not increase blood sugar levels.
Equal
Equal is an artificial sweetener containing aspartame, dextrose, andmaltodextrin.
Alitame
Like aspartame, Alitame is made from amino acids. Alitame is 2,000times sweeter than sugar.
Pfizer, a pharmaceutical company and manufacturer of this sweetener,petitioned the FDA in 1986
for approval. As of 1992, the approval is still pending.
Cyclamate
Cyclamate was synthesized in 1937 at the University of Illinois by astudent who accidentally
discovered its sweet taste. The patent for cyclamate was firstpurchased by DuPont and then
later sold to Abbott Laboratories. In those days, Abbott’s reportedinterest was to use the
product to mask the bitter taste of an antibiotic and apentobarbital elixir. Cyclamate was
initially marketed as tablets that were recommended for use as atabletop sweetener for people
with diabetes and others who had to restrict their intake of sugar.Although it is approved for
use in many countries, cyclamate is banned in the United States dueto concerns over potential
carcinogenicity.
Buying and storing tipsSaccharin, aspartame, sucralose, and acesulfame K have very longshelf lives. Store in original
packaging in a dry location at room temperature.
AvailabilitySaccharin is available worldwide as a tabletop sweetener under thebrand name Sweet’N Low. It
is also found in “diet” soft drinks. Aspartame is available as atabletop sweetener under the
brand name Equal. It is also sold as NutraSweet, an ingredientfound in many “diet” beverages
and in many “sugar-free” foods, including chewing gum, cereals,candies, and desserts. Sucralose
is known by its trade name, Splenda, and is available as a tabletopsweetener and in many
processed foods. Acesulfame K is sold as a tabletop sweetener underthe trade name Sunette, and
appears in a wide variety of processed foods. Alitame and Cyclamateare not available in the
United States.
Preparation, uses, and tipsNon-nutritive sweeteners can be used in place of table sugar tosweeten hot and cold beverages.
In addition, saccharin, sucralose, and acesulfame K are heat-stableand are suitable for baking.
Keep in mind that non-nutritive sweeteners carry more intensesweetness than sugar. When
substituting these products for sugar, only small amounts are neededto achieve the same level
of sweetness. As a result, quantity modifications of severalingredients in a recipe may be
necessary to accommodate the use of saccharin, sucralose, oracesulfame K.
Nutritional HighlightsAcesulfame K, 1gCalories: 0.0Protein: 0.0gCarbohydrate: 0.0gTotal Fat: 0.0gFiber: 0.0g
Aspartame, 1 packet (1g)Calories: 0.0Protein: 0.0gCarbohydrate: less than 1.0gTotal Fat: 0.0gFiber: 0.0g
Sucralose, 1 packet (1g)Calories: 0.0Protein: 0.0gCarbohydrate: 0.0gTotal Fat: 0.0gFiber: 0.0g
Health benefits and concernsHives
Artificial sweeteners (e.g., aspartame) are among the food additivesthat have been shown to
trigger hives.
Migraine
Ingestion of the artificial sweetener aspartame has been reported totrigger migraines in a
small proportion of people.
MSG sensitivity
People who are sensitive to MSG may also react to aspartame.
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
There is debate about whether it is safe for people with PKU toconsume aspartame, a low-calorie
sweetener that contains about 50% phenylalanine. In one study, bloodlevels of phenylalanine
increased only slightly after people with PKU consumed a 12-oz. softdrink sweetened with
aspartame. However, that study did not address long-term effects ofregular aspartame
consumption.
Health benefits and concerns for sweetenersMany health benefits and concerns associated with this food areapplicable to other sweeteners.